農(nong)村(cun)污水處(chu)理問題相較于城市，農(nong)村(cun)地域(yu)廣闊，居(ju)住分散，污水收集與處(chu)理難度更大。因此(ci)，費用(yong)低廉、工藝流程簡單的多元(yuan)化農(nong)村(cun)污水處(chu)理模式，成為實現農(nong)村(cun)污水有(you)效治理的關鍵路徑。

首先(xian)，從(cong)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的選(xuan)擇來看，農村污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)應(ying)根據具(ju)體現(xian)狀(zhuang)、特點(dian)(dian)、風俗習(xi)慣以及自然、經濟與社(she)會條件(jian)，因地(di)制(zhi)宜(yi)地(di)采用(yong)多元化的污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。這包括分(fen)(fen)散(san)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和接(jie)(jie)入市政(zheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)網統一(yi)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。分(fen)(fen)散(san)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)適用(yong)于村莊布局分(fen)(fen)散(san)、規(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)較小、地(di)形條件(jian)復雜的地(di)區，通(tong)過分(fen)(fen)區收集(ji)(ji)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，采用(yong)中(zhong)小型污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)設(she)備或自然處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)等(deng)(deng)形式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，實現(xian)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的就(jiu)地(di)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)。這種(zhong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)具(ju)有(you)布局靈活、施工(gong)(gong)簡(jian)單(dan)、管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)方便等(deng)(deng)特點(dian)(dian)，且出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質有(you)保障。集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)則適用(yong)于居(ju)住集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)的村鎮、集(ji)(ji)鎮，通(tong)過建設(she)集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)設(she)施，實現(xian)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)。接(jie)(jie)入市政(zheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)網統一(yi)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)則適用(yong)于距離市政(zheng)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)網較近的村莊，通(tong)過污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道將污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)收集(ji)(ji)后，統一(yi)接(jie)(jie)入鄰(lin)近市政(zheng)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)網，利(li)用(yong)城鎮污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)廠進行處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)。這種(zhong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)具(ju)有(you)投(tou)資省、施工(gong)(gong)周期短、見效快等(deng)(deng)特點(dian)(dian)。

在工藝(yi)流(liu)程方面，農(nong)村污水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)應(ying)追求簡潔高效。以“零(ling)碳(tan)”系(xi)列(lie)污水(shui)(shui)(shui)資源化利用(yong)裝備為(wei)例，本工藝(yi)為(wei)連續厭氧(yang)(yang)過濾工藝(yi)，用(yong)于農(nong)村分(fen)散(san)農(nong)戶污水(shui)(shui)(shui)的就(jiu)地(di)(di)處(chu)理(li)(li)，尾水(shui)(shui)(shui)可達(da)(da)到農(nong)田灌溉標(biao)準，解(jie)決化糞池(chi)(chi)后端(duan)深化處(chu)理(li)(li)難和(he)成本高的難題(ti)，且滿足農(nong)民就(jiu)地(di)(di)回用(yong)需求。工藝(yi)具(ju)有(you)容積負荷高、緊湊(cou)省地(di)(di)、污水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)能(neng)力增加、出水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質提高等優點。同時，該(gai)工藝(yi)耐沖擊(ji)性(xing)強，性(xing)能(neng)穩定(ding)，運行(xing)可靠，且使用(yong)壽命長。在污水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)過程中(zhong)，污水(shui)(shui)(shui)首先經格(ge)柵(zha)去(qu)除較大(da)懸浮物后，自流(liu)到調節(jie)池(chi)(chi)進(jin)行(xing)均(jun)質均(jun)量處(chu)理(li)(li)，然后經厭氧(yang)(yang)區、缺(que)氧(yang)(yang)區和(he)好氧(yang)(yang)區的生(sheng)化處(chu)理(li)(li)，最后經沉(chen)淀區實現泥水(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)離，沉(chen)淀出水(shui)(shui)(shui)通(tong)過紫(zi)外(wai)消毒(du)器(qi)消毒(du)后達(da)(da)到排放。

然而(er)，農村(cun)污水(shui)處(chu)理(li)仍(reng)面臨諸多挑戰。一方(fang)面，管(guan)(guan)網建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)相對滯(zhi)后，污水(shui)收集難度(du)大。另一方(fang)面，已建(jian)(jian)成的污水(shui)處(chu)理(li)設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)也面臨運行效率低、閑(xian)置停運等問題(ti)。為此，政府部門(men)應加(jia)大投入力度(du)，全面加(jia)強(qiang)配套管(guan)(guan)網建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)，將生活污水(shui)處(chu)理(li)系統納入到新農村(cun)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)當(dang)中(zhong)去。同(tong)時，應建(jian)(jian)立健全設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)運行保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)機制，確保(bao)(bao)設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)實現長期、穩定(ding)運行。此外，還應加(jia)強(qiang)對設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)運行人員的培訓和管(guan)(guan)理(li)，提高其(qi)專業素(su)養和操作能力。

值得注意的是，農(nong)村生活(huo)污(wu)水(shui)中含有(you)豐富(fu)的營養物質和微生物資(zi)源，通過(guo)適當的處(chu)理(li)手段可(ke)以(yi)實現資(zi)源化利(li)(li)用(yong)。例(li)如，將(jiang)處(chu)理(li)后的污(wu)水(shui)用(yong)于農(nong)田灌溉、林地(di)澆灌等農(nong)業生產(chan)活(huo)動(dong)，或將(jiang)污(wu)水(shui)中的有(you)機物提(ti)取出來作為肥料或飼料使用(yong)。這樣(yang)不(bu)僅可(ke)以(yi)減少污(wu)水(shui)排放量，還可(ke)以(yi)提(ti)高資(zi)源利(li)(li)用(yong)效率(lv)，實現經濟(ji)效益與環境效益的雙(shuang)贏(ying)。

費用(yong)低廉(lian)、工藝流(liu)程簡單的(de)多元化(hua)農(nong)村(cun)污水(shui)處理(li)模(mo)式(shi)是實現農(nong)村(cun)污水(shui)有效治理(li)的(de)重要途徑。通過因地制宜地選擇處理(li)模(mo)式(shi)和(he)技術工藝，加強(qiang)管(guan)網建設和(he)設施運行管(guan)理(li)，以及(ji)推動污水(shui)的(de)資源化(hua)利用(yong)，我們可以逐步(bu)解決農(nong)村(cun)污水(shui)處理(li)難(nan)題。